What are some common techniques used in badges and pins? – On the Current Situation and Countermeasures of my country's Apple's Foreign Trade

Here are some common techniques used in making badges and pins:

Stamping

Using punches and dies to imprint a design into a metal sheet. Good for detailed impressions.

Raising a design on one side of a metal surface using mallets and hardware. Creates a dimensional look.

Physically cutting or etching lines and shapes into metal surfaces using sharp tools. Allows for fine detail.

Using acid or chemical processes to eat away exposed metal through tiny cut lines. Produces subtle contrast.

Firing powdered glass onto metal surfaces to produce smooth, jewel-like color areas. Requires specialized kilns.

Insetting colored gemstones, glass, or plastic pieces into metal settings to spell out words or images.

Assembling layered pieces like charms onto a backing surface to form an overall design.

Manipulating metal surfaces through processes like hammering, sanding, antiquing for visual interest.

Adding extras like linings, backings, findings to finish pin or badge constructions.

Combining multiple techniques like stamping, engraving and enameling allows for very creative badge and pin designs.